Such a charter -- Constitution of Nepal 2015 -- has been finally promulgated today, on 20 September. The constitutional development of Nepal has not come a long way. By: King Birendra. 2. Constitutional development began with the promulgation of Rana Prime Minister Padma Shamsher constitutional reforms in 2004 BS. (2) Nothing in this Constitution shall affect the … Out of all its deficiencies, the most notable one concerns the issue … This will of the people is known as 'popular will'. It was noted for its provisions for more fundamental rights, sovereignty inherent in people, constitutional monarchy, multiparty democracy, adult franchise, independent judicature, the rule of law, etc. As a more democratic constitution, the Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 2015 BS made a provision for the adult franchise, bicameral parliament, auditor general, constitutional monarchy, king's emergency power, supreme court, an independent judiciary, election commission etc. The representatives rule according to the will of people rather than their party of followers alone. This revolution continued for 19 days and regained all the rights of the people snatched by the monarch. Constitution as the Fundamental Law: (1) This Constitution is the fundamental law of Nepal. Democratic means the implementation of their rules and execution of such rules by their representatives. Within a short period of hardly six decades, six different constitutions have been announced so far in Nepal. Those constitutions failed because they were not formulated according to the democratic participation and wishes of people. Form of government: The form of government of Nepal shall be multi-party, competitive, federal, democratic, republican, parliamentary form of government. The Constitution of Nepal 2072 was endorsed on September 16, 2015 by the Constituent Assembly meeting by more than two-thirds majority. By: King Mahendra. For n ow, leaders have proposed seven federal states. Nepal has officially ushered in a new era for the nation after President Ram Baran Yadav signed the country’s new constitution on Sept. 20. State any two features of 'The Constitution of Nepal 2072 BS'. Nepal is a federal state which means there will be no unitary structure. Community smaller than society. (1) Nepal is a multiethnic, multilingual, democratic, independent, indivisible, sovereign, Hindu and Constitutional Monarchical Kingdom. Study every part, articles, and schedules in both English and Nepali languages. The Constitution of Kingdom of Nepal, 1990 expressed full commitment towards human rights in its preamble. So, our constitution has directed to all to follow agreement and compromise. However, The Constitution of Nepal 2015 backtracked from those issues, that were already ensured by the Interim Constitution of Nepal 2008. 2. trailer << /Size 106 /Info 88 0 R /Root 91 0 R /Prev 183480 /ID[<5d962060cde356c1a63871209d404b35>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 91 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 85 0 R /Metadata 89 0 R /PageLabels 83 0 R >> endobj 104 0 obj << /S 485 /L 548 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 105 0 R >> stream Constitution framed by a constituent Assembly, elected by them: And whereas, by the same proclamation His Majesty the king of Nepal had expressed his desire and resolve that until such constitution was framed, there should be a council of Ministers to aid and advice him in the exercise of his functions: It states Nepal as a federal democratic republican nation. It made provisions for directive principles and policies of the government, council, election commission, financial procedure, etc. (2) The territory of Nepal shall comprise: the territory existing at the commencement of this Constitution; and such other territory as may be acquired after the commencement of this Constitution. (2) Nothing in this Constitution shall affect the law, customs and usage To bring the king under the constitution. 0000003113 00000 n The Kingdom of Nepal (Nepali: नेपाल अधिराज्य), also known as the Kingdom of Gorkha or Gorkha Empire (Nepali: गोरखा अधिराज्य) or Asal Hindusthan (Real Land of Hindus), was a Hindu kingdom on the Indian subcontinent, formed in 1768, by the unification of Nepal. To overthrow the party less panchayat system. 0000001254 00000 n 1. The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal- 2047. If there were no rules for my school, my school would be undisciplined and hazardous. 0000001232 00000 n (Binaj Gurubacharya, Nepal Assembly Overwhelmingly Approves New Constitution, ABC NEWS (Sept. 16, 2015).) September 24, 2015. According to the Constitution of Nepal 2072 BS, the legislature of Nepal is going to have two houses: 1. A party having the majority of the representatives in the parliament forms government. Nepali lg with devnagiri script as official lg. Nepal Celebrates New Constitution amid Protests. The concept of human rights was constitutionally accepted for the first time in Nepal in 1990. based on pluralism. However, it does not mean all the people have involvement in everything or all actions, in all places. The new Constitution, which replaces an interim document that had been in place for seven years following the resolution of the country’s civil war in 2006 and the end of Nepal’s monarchy, has 37 divisions, 304 articles, and 7 annexes. The Padma Shamsher JBR himself was the inciter or promoter of this constitution. It was supposed to be promulgated on 1st Baishakh, 2005. Unofficial translation by Nepal Law Society, International IDEA, and UNDP. (1) Nepal is a multiethnic multilingual, democratic, independent, indivisible, sovereign, Hindu and Constitutional Monarchical Kingdom. The Interim Constitution of Nepal 2063 BS. Executive Powers. Those constitutions were not fully democratic. As a more democratic constitution, the Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 2015 BS made a provision for the adult franchise, bicameral parliament, auditor general, constitutional monarchy, king's emergency power, supreme court, an independent judiciary, election commission etc. Occupation, Business & Technology Education, Infrastructure of Development, Its Means and Resources, Traditional Knowledge,Skills and Technology and their Creative Use, Our National Heroes and their Contribution, Roles of Local and National Level Organizations in Social Reforms, Nationality and Subjects of National Concern, Diversified Geographical Features and Lifestyles in Nepal, The Socio-economic Activites of Australia, Military Consolidation and Financial Crisis, Causes and Consequences of Anglo-Nepal War, Contribution of Nepalese Warriors in Anglo-Nepal War, Role of Small, Medium and Large Scale Industries in Economic Development, Relation among Agriculture, Industry and Trade, Poverty Alleviation and Employment Generation, International Relation, Peace and Cooperation, Contribution of Nepal in International Peace Establishment, President as a ceremonial head of the state, Citizenship by descent to a child of a Nepali father or mother. 0000002884 00000 n As the fourth constitution of Nepal, the constitution of Nepal 2019 BS gave constitutional recognition to the party-less Panchayat system put into practice by King Mahendra in 2017 BS. The constitution of 2047 accepted constitutional monarchy. The newly added fundamental rights are – the right to live with dignity, right to food, right to residence, right of senior citizens, consumer… Constitution and law, be vested in the Council of Ministers. Divided into 25 parts, 167 articles, and 4 schedules, this constitution established Nepal as a secular and republican state whose state power is inherent in the people. Promulgated on 1stPoush 2019 BS, this constitution was amended in 2023 BS, 2032 BS, and 2037 BS and was finally abandoned by the popular movement in 2046 BS that restored the multi-party system in the country. It consisted of 10 parts, 77 articles, and 3 schedules. It is divided into 35 parts, 308 articles, and 9 schedules. All laws inconsistent with this constitution shall, to the extent of such inconsistency, be void. Highlights of Nepal constitution 2072 2015 Features. 1. All the democratic and communist parties, civil society and Maoist party jointly declared the revolution against monarchism and for the full fledged democracy. Most people seem happy but some are clearly agitated. It had managed of cabinet, economic system, fundamental right advisory assembly, etc. The federal legislature of Nepal is called federal parliament. So, it is considered appropriate to rule according to the will of the people in democracy. =�u��\�DND�@dyZ�Ħr�e�}Z�d�$N�� �Hii9Z �3MHʜ��j �Mq�X��r�$�Rt�].�%���A��-� ��::%`A�� ;�f�� Preliminary . The Constitution of Nepal Date of Publication in Nepal Gazette 20 September 2015 (2072.6.3) Preamble: We, the Sovereign People of Nepal, Internalizing the people's sovereign right and right to autonomy and self-rule, while maintaining freedom, sovereignty, territorial … The Constitution of Nepal 2072 BS was promulgated by President Ram Baran Yadav unveiled on behalf of Speaker Subash Chandra Nembang on 3rd Ashwin 2072 BS. The following paragraphs briefly describe those six constitutions of Nepal: Nepal Government Act 2004 BS, the first constitution of the land consisted of 6 parts, 68 articles, and 1 schedules. There are 25 parts, 167 articles and 4 schedules. The features of 'The Constitution of Nepal 2072 BS' are: Stay connected with Kullabs. The President, as the head of state, performs his/her duties in accordance with Part 6 of Article 66 of the Constitution of Nepal and the Federal law. You can find us in almost every social media platforms. The country had waited for this day since 1950. As we know, after the popular movement of 2062/63, Nepal started making a truly democratic constitution through an elected constituent assembly that could ensure widest possible public participation. It has been constitutionally mentioned that at least some compromises should be done by each parties until the formation of new government after the promulgation of new constitution through Constituent Assembly. ��; �a8C �^0D���$"n�$6P4��(In��S�< ��B` �"�&ƫ��20p�(���>5�ˏ����a����ҷ!Q��t�H3�7@� br�� endstream endobj 105 0 obj 377 endobj 92 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 84 0 R /Resources 93 0 R /Contents 99 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 93 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /TT2 95 0 R /TT4 94 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 101 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs6 98 0 R >> >> endobj 94 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 151 /Widths [ 250 0 408 0 0 0 0 180 333 333 0 0 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 278 0 0 0 0 0 722 667 667 722 611 556 722 722 333 389 722 611 889 722 722 556 722 667 556 611 722 722 944 0 0 0 333 0 333 0 0 0 444 500 444 500 444 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 444 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 444 444 0 0 1000 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /KBOMBE+TimesNewRoman /FontDescriptor 97 0 R >> endobj 95 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 121 /Widths [ 250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 0 0 250 333 250 0 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 333 0 0 0 0 0 0 722 667 722 722 667 611 778 778 389 500 778 667 944 722 778 611 778 722 556 667 722 722 1000 722 722 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 556 444 556 444 333 500 556 278 333 556 278 833 556 500 556 556 444 389 333 556 500 722 500 500 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /KBOLKF+TimesNewRoman,Bold /FontDescriptor 96 0 R >> endobj 96 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 891 /CapHeight 656 /Descent -216 /Flags 34 /FontBBox [ -558 -307 2000 1026 ] /FontName /KBOLKF+TimesNewRoman,Bold /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 160 /XHeight 0 /FontFile2 100 0 R >> endobj 97 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 891 /CapHeight 656 /Descent -216 /Flags 34 /FontBBox [ -568 -307 2000 1007 ] /FontName /KBOMBE+TimesNewRoman /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 94 /XHeight 0 /FontFile2 102 0 R >> endobj 98 0 obj [ /ICCBased 103 0 R ] endobj 99 0 obj << /Length 2725 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream 90 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 92 /H [ 761 493 ] /L 185408 /E 77781 /N 26 /T 183490 >> endobj xref 90 16 0000000016 00000 n The flaws of constitution of 2047 BS was that it gave more executive power to the King. 0000074952 00000 n This is what is known as rule of popular will. 0000002649 00000 n The basic causes of the peaceful people's movement II are as follows: Following were the objectives of the people's revolution: They are contrasted and compared separately as follows:The interim constitution of Nepal 2063. Constitution of Nepal 2015 ( Nepali: नेपालको संविधान २०७२) is the present governing Constitution of Nepal. Nepal- 2047 BS, and Interim Constitution of Nepal -2063 BS.Constitution of Nepal 2072 BS.have been promulgated. Hindu and Constitutional Monarchical Kingdom. The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 2015 made the provision for adult franchise, bicameral parliament, auditor general and many more but it was replace soon by the power seeking King Mahendra as he thought giving power to the countrymen would make them go against him and snatch his powers. It includes the will of majority people. 0000036680 00000 n Secularism, multi-party democracy, all the languages are national languages, executive power is inherent in the cabinet, etc. 1. Key Features of 1990 Constitution. indivisible. Constitution of Nepal 2063 (2007), which has been made through a political understanding and to be in force until a new constitution is framed by the Constituent Assembly. It is the seventh constitution of Nepal. Nepal is governed according to the Constitution which came into effect on Sept 20, 2015, regarding the Interim Constitution of 2007. People elect the best possible candidate as their representative. All the 35 parts of the constitution are listed below: 1. It is subordinate to the constitution. The Constitution of Nepal Date of Publication in Nepal Gazette 20 September 2015 (2072.6.3) Preamble: We, the Sovereign People of Nepal, Internalizing the people's sovereign right and right to autonomy and self-rule, while maintaining freedom, sovereignty, territorial … It is the fact that constitution cannot be made until political parties come to an agreement and to come to an agreement everybody have to change their stance and incorporate others will. The Interim Constitution of Nepal 2063 is a paper of agreement and compromise. Parliament having a single house is called unicameral Parliament and having two houses is called bicameral Parliament. It was divided into 20 parts, 97 articles, and 2 schedules.It provided for people's fundamental rights, adult franchise, the council of ministers, national panchayat, supreme court, etc. 1. Nepal constitution 2015 pdf english Whereas, We are convinced that the source of the sovereign power of independent and sovereign Nepal is an integral part of the nation, and therefore, We have, from time to time, revealed our desire to lead the government of the country in a consonant of popular will; AND BEARING IN MIND that, in line with the desire of the people of Nepal expressed by The armed Maoist revolution for ten years reached climax. Executive power: (1) The executive power of Nepal shall, pursuant to this. National human rights commission has been made the constitutional organ. Constitution of Nepal 2015, Unofficial English Translation - 1 - PART 1 Preliminary 1. There are 27 Chapters and 302 Articles in New Constitution of Nepal 2072. 74. 0000001408 00000 n To form the government according to people's will. It includes every relationship which established among the people. The monarch tried to be active ruler as against the will of the people. On the suggestion of PM Krishna Prasad Bhattarai, on 14th Jestha 2047 BS His Majesty appointed Bishwo Nath Upadhaya as a chairman of 9 membered Constitution Improvement and Suggestion Commision. It is prepared for the welfare of the people living in the country but the rules made for the progress and development of society is prepared under the constitution for special purpose in the society. The failure of the first Constituent Assembly in 2012 ushered the re-emergence of the Nepali Congress and promulgation of the Constitution of Nepal, 2015. %PDF-1.3 %���� The Constitution as the Fundamental Law (1) This Constitution is the fundamental law for Nepal and all laws inconsistent with it, shall, to the extent of the inconsistency, and subject to the provisions of this Constitution, be void. The executive rights of the country are stated to be belonged to the Council of Ministers while the President would be ceremonial head-of-the-state. Since then, six constitutions: Interim Government of Nepal Act 2007 BS, Constitution of Kingdom of Nepai-2015 BS, Constitution ofNepai-2019 BS, Constitution of Kingdom of. The sovereignty of Nepal is vesled in the Nepalese people and shall be exercised in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution (1) Nepal is a multiethnic. Nepal is possibly one of the fast constitution changing countries. Includes several parts of the constitution of Nepal issued by Constituent Assembly Secretariat, Singha Durbar, Kathmandu to govern Nepal. Though it works independently, it should not be contradictory to the constitution, so constitution is the supreme law and these rules are prepared to make constitution cleaner and to make it practical in the society. l. multilingual. It also does not mean that all the people rule. The people wanted to secure their right through new Nepal. There can be more than one community in a society. Constitution as the fundamental law: (1) This constitution is the fundamental law of Nepal. So it just remained a constitution without implementation. 1. 1. Promulgated by King Birendra on 23 Kartik 2047 BS after the success of the Popular Movement I, the constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 2047 BS was divided into 23 parts, 133 articles, and 3 schedules. As a more democratic constitution, the Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 2015 BS made a provision for the adult franchise, bicameral parliament, auditor general, constitutional monarchy, king's emergency power, supreme court, an independent judiciary, election commission etc. The aimed Maoist revolution supported and participated in the peaceful people's movement. Thus, it should have popular will and the legal popular will. "@}���W��L��R�4D:�f�Ip��g��X�p���A���2��� 3g��yr��3@0�$Ĩ6���^-�Aa��9]ẔXY�m%w�%�)N�6�V�ڑ�9aˊ� Read the unofficial translation of the Constitution of Nepal, 2015, here. At the time of removing Rana oligarchy, King Tribhuvan had promised to call elections for a constituent assembly to draft a new constitution. The constitution of Nepal is divided into 35 parts, 308 Articles and 9 Schedules. The then King Gyanendra took the executive power in his hand as against the wish of the people. 0000001556 00000 n democratic. To bring rapid and harmonious development in the country. It was amended on 9th Magh 2072 B.S. To materialize the constitutional commitment, The Human Rights Commission Act, 1997 was enacted on 8 January, 1997. The Interim Constitution of Nepal 2063 BS was promulgated on 1st Magh 2063 BS in the name of the people by legislative parliament. Part–1 . After the popular movement of 2062/63, Nepal started making a truly democratic constitution through an elected constituent assembly that could ensure widest possible public participation. Supreme Court of Nepal Advocate Dipendra Jha writes in The Kathmandu Post: "many other aspects of the new constitution are more regressive than the Interim Constitution of Nepal 2007. It was followed by the Interim Government Act 2007 after the introduction of democracy. independent. It underwent eleven different amendments before its fifth anniversary. Introduce Nepal as a federal democratic country, To have the permanent peace and security in the country. During, the constitutional development of Nepal, the government of Nepal Act 2004 B.S is the first and historical document of Nepal which was declared by the Shree III Padma Shamsher JBR. A new Constitution came up in Nepal as a follow up to Jan Andolan which limited the Monarch’s role, retained Nepal as a Hindu Kingdom, paved the way for parliamentary system and granted fundamental rights to the people of Nepal. The Constitution as the fundamental Law: (1) This Constitution is the fundamental law for Nepal and all laws inconsistent with it, shall, to the extent of the inconsistency, and subject to the provisions of this Constitution, be void. House of Representatives 2. The following are the major characteristics of the constitution: The first constitution remained a constitution without implementation because of the undue pressure from resistant Ranas who did not want the countrymen to progress. Some of them were formulated merely as the means for the rulers to satisfy their ambitious hunger for power. 5. As a result constitution was promulgated by the power of Nepalese people. have been managed in this constitution. Answer: 1 question How was the Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 2047 more democratic than the Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 2015? The constitution provided for the unicameral legislature parliament, election to the Constituent Assembly, recognition of Human Rights Commission as a constitutional organ, originally the appointment of the Commander-in-Chief by the Prime Minister and so on. However, some of its articles gave way to the king's efforts for taking more executive movement II in 2063 BS. The supreme power is inherent in the people. 0000005953 00000 n This complete constitution has been generated from excerpts of texts from the repository of the Comparative Constitutions Project, and distributed on constituteproject.org. Six constitutions of Nepal are Nepal Government Act 2004 BS, Nepal Interim Government Act 2007 BS, The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 2015 BS, The Constitution of Nepal 2019 BS, The constitution of Kingdom of Nepal 2047 BS and The Interim Constitution of Nepal 2063 BS. This democratic constitution was promulgated on 1st Falgun 2015 BS but was soon suspended almost fully on 1stPoush 2017 by power seeking King Mahendra. Constitution is the fundamental law of the land. The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 1990 was the first constitution to recognize right to information as a basic fundamental right. 0000000668 00000 n Write in points. The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 2015 BS. �0S�(����=]��-6Z�m�/�}_�q�{M-������e�^6[�y�w��FS��w�/�)�>I���q.ҙ�a��lz7��tP���Ӫ�^�_��t���Ǫ,T_6�O�_|!�D\G�-n�9��;]���ͫ(z���']��"��\�t�O��S>>ɽJ�]�'A����5���a���!�|5E��A�S�Yɦ�����˘���{�c���zs��{���. H�b```f``�������� Ȁ �@1V 昀$�0Q�����! 3.2. It was fifth constitution in the constitutional history of Nepal. The main objectives of Popular Movement are as follows: The present constitution has valued the popular wish as the constitution provided for the unicameral legislative parliament, election to the Constituent Assembly, recognition of the Human Rights Commission as a constitutional organ, originally the appointed of the Commander-in-Chief by the Prime Minister and so on. It is a network of social relationships which cannot see or touched. The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal- 2015. constituteproject.org Nepal's Constitution of 2015 But Prime Minister Padma Shamsher could not enforce the constitution because of undue pressure from resistant Ranas like Babar Shumsher and Mohan Shumsher. - the answers to estudyassistant.com 0000000761 00000 n The politics of the nations remained unstable and absence of peace. The Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2063 is the first constitution promulgated by the people. It has managed the appointment of the chief of the army by the cabinet. The Constitution of Kingdom of Nepal 2047 BS. It is clearly mentioned in the constitution that each decision and any national affairs and concerning matters will be decided through the agreement of several parties. It consisted of 10 parts, 77 articles, and 3 schedules. Constitution, a person must either be a citizen of Nepal by birth or descent, or be a person who, as a naturalised citizen, has resided in Nepal for at least ten years. It consisted of 10 parts, 77 articles, and 3 schedules. This interim constitution remained active for unexpectedly a longer time as late as until 2015 BS. 0000036601 00000 n The Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, for the first time, sheds its centralised structure to deploy the authority of governance right in the hands of its people. H��W]s�H}��跅-�@� M��83�n�q%��ښ�C�$2T��x����sow#$+I��B|��:��s�,�^-RDb����`����U�� �E��L������.Eǯ��+�W�|�ĺ� In the lack of popular will the ruler becomes aristocracy rather than democracy. The 1990 Constitution was different from earlier traditional constitution of Nepal. The previous constitution could not address the desires and needs of the people. This is the first constitution made by the direct involvement of the people. According to Interim Constitution of Nepal 2063 BS, Parliament of Nepal has a single house which is called ‘Pratinidhi Saba’. Promulgated on 17th Chaitra 2007 BS after the overthrow of the Rana autocracy, Nepal Interim Government Act 2007 BS was divided into 7 parts, 73 articles, and 3 schedules. The Constitution of Nepal, 2019 PREAMBLE WHEREAS it is desirable in the best interest and for all-round progress of the Kingdom of Nepal and of the Nepalese people to conduct the government of the country in consonance with the popular will; AND WHEREAS we are firmly convinced that such arrangement is … National Assembly The legislature of different countries has different nam… Guaranteed fundamental rights and freedom of the citizen. common interests and common objectives are not necessary for society. The primary objective of this app is to make people aware of the rules and regulations of Nepal. Read the Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2007, here. Citizens expressed mixed emotions after the historic event. The students would not cooperate with the teachers and would do as they wished which would not only hamper their studies but also their behavioral activities. 0000002140 00000 n sovereign. It made provisions for fundamental rights and duties, thecouncil of ministers, courtiers'assembly, thebicameral parliament, public service commissions etc. Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 2047 BS This constitution is the latest and 1st Democratical Constitution after the 2046 revolution. Article 16 of the constitution guaranteed this right to its citizens. Explain the major characteristics of 'The Constitution of Nepal 2072 BS'. 126. Nepal is a federal democratic republican state. 0000003153 00000 n (2) The territory of Nepal shall comprise: (a) the territory existing at the commencement of this Constitution; and (b) such other territory as may be acquired after the commencement of this Constitution. (2) The territory of … Some new provisions of fundamental rights have been added in the preliminary draft of the Constitution of Nepal, 2072 BS that is recently tabled in the Constituent Assembly (CA) for discussions. Sign up and receive the latest tips via email. To drive out social inequality immediately.
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